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عدد المساهمات : 16
تاريخ التسجيل : 30/10/2010
 |  موضوع: david copperfield  الخميس 04 نوفمبر 2010, 5:26 pm | |
| David Copperfield (novel)David Copperfield or The Personal History, Adventures, Experience and Observation of David Copperfield the Younger of Blunderstone Rookery (which he never meant to publish on any account)[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] is a novel by [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], first published as a novel in 1850. Like most of his works, it originally appeared in [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] a year earlier. Many elements within the novel follow events in Dickens' own life, and it is probably the most [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] of all of his novels[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]. In the preface to the 1867 Charles Dickens edition, he wrote, "… like many fond parents, I have in my heart of hearts a favourite child. And his name is David Copperfield." [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]Plot summary:The story deals with the life of David Copperfield from childhood to maturity. David is born in England in about 1820. David's father had died six months before he was born, and seven years later, his mother marries Mr [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]. David is given good reason to dislike his stepfather and has similar feelings for Mr Murdstone's sister Jane, who moves into the house soon afterwards. Mr Murdstone thrashes David for falling behind with his studies. Following one of these thrashings, David bites him and is sent away to a boarding school, Salem House, with a ruthless headmaster, Mr. Creakle. Here he befriends [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] and Tommy Traddles, both of whom he meets again later on.David returns home for the holidays to find out that his mother has had a baby boy. Soon after David goes back to Salem House, his mother and her baby die and David has to return home immediately. Mr Murdstone sends him to work in a factory in London, of which Murdstone is a joint owner. The grim reality of hand-to-mouth factory existence echoes Dickens' own travails in a blacking factory. His landlord, Mr [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], is sent to a [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] (the [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]) after going bankrupt, and is there for several months before being released and moving to Plymouth. David now has nobody left to care for him in London, and decides to run away.He walks all the way from London to [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], to find his only relative, his aunt Miss Betsey. The eccentric [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] agrees to bring him up, despite Mr Murdstone visiting in a bid to regain custody of David. David's aunt renames him 'Trotwood Copperfield', soon shortened to "Trot", and for the rest of the novel he is called by either name, depending on whether he is communicating with someone he has known for a long time, or someone he has only recently met.The story follows David as he grows to adulthood, and is enlivened by the many well-known characters who enter, leave and re-enter his life. These include [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], his faithful former housekeeper for his mother, her family, and their orphaned niece Little Em'ly who lives with them and charms the young David. David's romantic but self-serving schoolfriend, Steerforth, seduces and dishonors Little Em'ly, triggering the novel's greatest tragedy; and his landlord's daughter and ideal "angel in the house," Agnes Wickfield, becomes his confidante. The two most familiar characters are David's sometime mentor, the constantly debt-ridden Mr Wilkins Micawber, and the devious and fraudulent clerk, [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], whose misdeeds are eventually discovered with Micawber's assistance. Micawber is painted as a sympathetic character, even as the author deplores his financial ineptitude; and Micawber, like Dickens's own father, is briefly imprisoned for insolvency.In typical Dickens fashion, the major characters get some measure of what they deserve, and few narrative threads are left hanging. Dan Peggotty safely transports Little Em'ly to a new life in Australia; accompanying these two central characters are Mrs. Gummidge and the Micawbers. Everybody involved finally finds security and happiness in their new lives in Australia. David first marries the beautiful but naïve [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], but she dies after failing to recover from a miscarriage early in their marriage. David then does some soul-searching and eventually marries and finds true happiness with the sensible Agnes, who had secretly always loved him. They have several children, including a daughter named in honor of Betsey Trotwood.Analysis:The story is told almost entirely from the point of view of the first person narrator, David Copperfield himself, and was the first Dickens novel to be written as such a narration.Critically, it is considered a [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], i.e., a novel of self-cultivation, and would be influential in the genre which included Dickens's own [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] (1861), [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]'s [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], published only two years prior, [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]'s [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]'s [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]'s [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]'s [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], and [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]'s [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط].[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] regarded Dickens as the best of all English novelists, and considered Copperfield to be his finest work, ranking the "Tempest" chapter (chapter 55, LV – the story of Ham and the storm and the shipwreck) the standard by which the world's great fiction should be judged. [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] remembered hiding under a small table as a boy to hear instalments read by his mother. [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] read it enthralled in a [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] prison camp. [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] called his first book [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] a "sheer imitation". James Joyce paid it reverence through parody in [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]. [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], who normally had little regard for Dickens, confessed the durability of this one novel, belonging to "the memories and myths of life". It was [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]'s favourite novel.Characters in David Copperfield:
- [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] – An optimistic, diligent, and persevering character, he is the protagonist. He is later called "Trotwood Copperfield" by some ("David Copperfield" is also the name of the hero's father, who dies before David is born). He has many nicknames: James Steerforth nicknames him "Daisy", Dora calls him "Doady", and his aunt refers to him, as a reference to his would-be sister (if he had been born a girl), in and on "Trot" – as in Betsey Trotwood Copperfield.
- Clara Copperfield – David's kind mother, described as being innocently childish, who dies while David is at Salem House. She dies just after the birth of her second child, who dies along with her.
- [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] – The faithful servant of the Copperfield family and a lifelong companion to David (referred to at times as Mrs. Barkis after her marriage to Mr. Barkis). Inherits £3,000—a large sum in the mid-19th century—when Mr. Barkis dies. After his death, she becomes Betsey Trotwood's servant.
- [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] – David's eccentric and temperamental yet kindhearted great-aunt; she becomes his guardian after he runs away from Grinby and Murdstone's warehouse in [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] (London). She is present on the night of David's birth but leaves after hearing that Clara Copperfield's child is a boy instead of a girl.
- Mr. Chillip – A shy doctor who assists at David's birth and faces the wrath of Betsey Trotwood after he informs her that Clara's baby is a boy instead of a girl.
- Mr. Barkis – An aloof carter who declares his intention to marry Peggotty. He says to David: " Tell her, 'Barkis is willin'! ' Just so." He is a bit of a miser, and hides his surprisingly vast liquid wealth in a plain box labeled "Old Clothes". He bequeaths to his wife the then astronomical sum of £3,000 when he dies about ten years later.
- [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] – Young David's cruel stepfather, who beats him for falling behind in his studies. David reacts by biting Mr Murdstone, who then sends him to Salem House, the private school owned by his friend Mr. Creakle. After David's mother dies, Mr Murdstone sends him to work in a factory, where he has to clean wine bottles. He appears at Betsey Trotwood's house after David runs away. Mr Murdstone appears to show signs of repentance when confronted with Copperfield's aunt, but later in the book we hear he has married another young woman and applied his old principles of "firmness."
- Jane Murdstone – Mr. Murdstone's equally cruel sister, who moves into the Copperfield house after Mr. Murdstone marries Clara Copperfield. She is the "Confidential Friend" of David's first wife, Dora Spenlow, and encourages many of the problems that occur between David Copperfield and Dora's father, Mr. Spenlow. Later, she rejoins her brother and his new wife in a relationship very much like the one they had with David's mother.
- Daniel Peggotty – Peggotty's brother; a humble but generous Yarmouth fisherman who takes his nephew Ham and niece Emily into his custody after each of them has been orphaned. After Emily's departure, he travels around the world in search of her. He eventually finds her in London, and after that they emigrate to Australia.
- Emily (Little Em'ly) – A niece of Mr. Peggotty. She is a childhood friend of David Copperfield, who loves her in his childhood days. She leaves her cousin and fiancé, Ham, for Steerforth, but returns after Steerforth deserts her. She emigrates to Australia with Mr. Peggotty after being rescued from a London brothel.
- Ham Peggotty – A good-natured nephew of Mr. Peggotty and the fiancé of Emily before she leaves him for Steerforth. He later loses his life while attempting to rescue a sailor, who happens to be Steerforth, from a shipwreck. His death is hidden from his family due to the fact that David does not want them to worry on the brink of their journey.
- Mrs. Gummidge – The widow of Daniel Peggotty's partner in a boat. She is a self-described "lone, lorn creetur" who spends much of her time pining for "the old 'un" (her late husband). After Emily runs away from home with Steerforth, she changes her attitude to better comfort everyone around her and tries to be very caring and motherly. She too emigrates to Australia with Dan and the rest of the surviving family.
- Martha Endell – A young woman of a bad reputation who helps Daniel Peggotty find his niece after she returns to London. She has worked as a [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], and been victim to the idea of [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط].
- Mr. Creakle – The harsh headmaster of young David's boarding school, who is assisted by Tungay. Mr. Creakle is a friend of Mr. Murdstone. He singles out David for extra torment. Later he becomes a Middlesex magistrate, and is considered enlightened for his day.
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]"I am married". Etching by [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط].
- [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] – A close friend of David, he is of a romantic and charming disposition and has known David ever since his first days at Salem House. Although well-liked by most, he proves himself to be lacking in character by seducing and later abandoning Little Em'ly. He eventually drowns at Yarmouth with Ham Peggotty, who had been trying to rescue him.
- Tommy Traddles – David's friend from Salem House. They meet again later and become eventual lifelong friends. Traddles works hard but faces great obstacles because of his lack of money and connections. He eventually succeeds in making a name and a career for himself.
- [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] – A gentle man who befriends David as a young boy. He suffers from much financial difficulty and even has to spend time in a debtor's prison. Eventually he emigrates to Australia where he enjoys a successful career as a sheep farmer and becomes a magistrate. He is based on Dickens' father, [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط].
- Mr. Dick (Richard Babley) – A slightly deranged, rather childish but amiable man who lives with Betsey Trotwood. His madness is amply described in as much as that he claims to have the "trouble" of [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] in his head. He befriends David when he arrives at the Trotwood household.
- Dr. Strong – The headmaster of David's Canterbury school, whom he visits on various occasions.
- Anne Strong – The young wife of Dr. Strong. Although she remains loyal to him, she fears that he suspects that she is involved in an affair with Jack Maldon.
- Jack Maldon – A cousin and childhood sweetheart of Anne Strong. He continues to bear affection for her and tries to seduce her into leaving Dr. Strong.
- Mr. Wickfield – The father of Agnes Wickfield and lawyer to Betsey Trotwood. He is prone to alcoholism.
- Agnes Wickfield – Mr. Wickfield's mature and lovely daughter and close friend of David since childhood. She later becomes David's second wife and mother of their children.
- [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] – A wicked young man who serves first as secretary, and then as partner to Mr. Wickfield. He is finally discovered-by [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]-to have stolen money, and cheated Mr. Wickfield, while Mr. Wickfield was intoxicated. Uriah Heep is imprisoned as a punishment. He always talks of being "'umble" (humble) and nurtures a deep hatred of David Copperfield and many others.
- Mrs. Steerforth – The wealthy widowed mother of James Steerforth. She herself is incredibly like her son.
- Miss Dartle – A strange, vitriolic woman who lives with Mrs. Steerforth. She has a secret love for Steerforth and blames others such as Emily and even Steerforth's own mother for corrupting him. She is described as being extremely skinny and displays a visible scar on her lip caused by Steerforth. She is also Steerforth's cousin.
- Mr. Spenlow – An employer of David's during his days as a [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] and the father of Dora Spenlow. He dies suddenly of a heart attack while driving his [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] home.
- [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] – The adorable but foolish daughter of Mr. Spenlow who becomes David's first wife. She is described as being impractical and with many similarities to David's mother. She dies of illness on the same day as her dog, Jip.
- Mr.Sharp – He was the chief teacher of Salem House and had more authority than Mr.Mell.He looked weak,both in health and character;his head seemed to be very heavy for him:he walked on one side.He had a big nose.
- Mr.Mell – A tall, thin young man with hollow cheeks.His hair was dusty and dry too,with rather short sleeves and legs.
Film, TV, and theatrical adaptations:David Copperfield has been filmed on several occasions:
- [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], directed by [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]
- [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], directed by [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]
- [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], directed by [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]
- [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], directed by [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]
- [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], directed by [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], featuring a who's who of English classical actors.
- [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], directed by [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]
- [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], directed by [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], shown on BBC 1986/87
- [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], shown on BBC – 25/26 December 1999
- [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], directed by [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]
- David Copperfield (2006), play adaptation. Shown in theatres.
- [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], currently under production
The numerous television adaptations of the novel include a 1966 version with [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] as David and a 1999 version with [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] (of the [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]) playing the younger David and [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] as the older David. In this latter version, McKellen returns, this time playing the horrendous schoolmaster Creakle. There was a musical animated version in 1993, where the cast was animorphic animals (not unlike Disney's Robin Hood) and starred [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] as the voice of David (a cat). A 2000 American TV film version featured [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] and [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] with [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] and Max Dolbey as the adult and boy Copperfield, respectively.A play adaptation by [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] was warmly approved by Dickens himself, and enjoyed a long run at [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط].[[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]] The novel was adapted for the unsuccessful musical [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] in 1981.Publication:Like most of Charles Dickens's novels, David Copperfield was published in 19 monthly one-shilling instalments, containing 32 pages of text and two illustrations by [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط], with the last being a double-number:[[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]]
- I – May 1849 (chapters 1–3);
- II – June 1849 (chapters 4–6);
- III – July 1849 (chapters 7–9);
- IV – August 1849 (chapters 10–12);
- V – September 1849 (chapters 13–15);
- VI – October 1849 (chapters 16–18);
- VII – November 1849 (chapters 19–21);
- VIII – December 1849 (chapters 22–24);
- IX – January 1850 (chapters 25–27);
- X – February 1850 (chapters 28–31);
- XI – March 1850 (chapters 32–34);
- XII – April 1850 (chapters 35–37);
- XIII – May 1850 (chapters 38–40);
- XIV – June 1850 (chapters 41–43);
- XV – July 1850 (chapters 44–46);
- XVI – August 1850 (chapters 47–50);
- XVII – September 1850 (chapters 51–53);
- XVIII – October 1850 (chapters 54–57);
- XIX-XX – November 1850 (chapters 58–64).
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